Different perspective of Mongolian

This Chapter 11 documents was very interesting because they did not had their own written language.  It talks about Mongolian history and different perspective for different people about their leader, how the systems run, and Mongolian culture.

The Secret History of the Mongols

Temujin and Jamugha are the two leaders and the decided to be friends. Their friendship got strong that they spent over night together and share one blanket. They had very close relationship like brothers. In my opinion they are just close friend. However, many people in the US that think that if he and he or anyone out of family spent time and sleep together we think of them as a lovers. When I was in guy and guy or girl and girl holding their together and hug each other is very normal. But when I came here people think it differently. So it is important to understand their culture before we make a judgment since different culture have different meanings.

Mongolia

     This chapter talks with Chinggis Khan who was the Mongolia leader. At begin this chapter discussion about how Chinggis Khan how his soul was lost for many centuries. For all those centuries his soul was in spirit banner in Buddhist monastery. However, during 1930's Mongolia got under control by communist, Soviet Union. Chinggis Khan Soul got disappeared. In twentieth century his reincarnation in Mongolia and the Communism was going away. In 2006 they celebrated the eight-hundred years of the Mongolia Empire was found. Moreover, this chapter talks about economies that production. They were relying on livestock like goats, camels, horses, cattle, sheep, and more.

      Pastoral societies have very difficult agriculture because of the land mark which mean they produce less and did not had much economic support. They provide resources to far less populations comparing to agricultural society. Therefore, they use the advantage of large animals which need large grazing areas. On the other hand, Pastoral societies have very small populations than the agriculture societies who had more land. This people travel very often. Furthermore, this tribe people live far from each other rather than living in villages, towns and have community. However, the tribe comes together in special occasions. For me this was very interesting because I use to think that people prefer to live in community with other people instead of living far away from other people. But in this society it is opposite where they live far from one another. 

     Mongolian did not had their own religion. They did not impose religion. However, people get introduce to new religions. Overtime, they adopted Buddhism, Islam, Christianity and Manichaeism. In my opinion, I think in earlier period many societies did not had their own religion, but we learn and observe other people, so we adopt the religion. 

     This is one of the societies where women had a higher status than women in most of the society. They is very few restrictions on what they could do or no. However, women contribute more to the societies and they have a higher role in public activities. They were more equal. It is very interesting how society who hunter gathering or society who don't do much agriculture gender roles are more equal than agriculture or moral society. 

     In Pastoral societies there is cultural difference, but they have strong connection with agricultural societies. In this Mongolian Societies Chinggis Khan play very important role because male and female were more equal and both gender could fight in war, which help create stronger states and bring the unity between both men and women.

      For me this chapter was very interesting because my family believed that our old ancestors are from Mongolia and our tribe went to India than Nepal and Bhutan. While I was reading there were some similar beliefs and some words like lamas mean the same thing the religious teachers. Moreover, my dad and my dad side grandparents speak our language which is very different from the language we speak (Nepali). 

The Worlds of Islam

In Muslim teaching the purpose of human life is to present well to Allah. In Muslim there is only one God name Allah. Muhammad lbn Abdullah was the messengers of Allah. Muhammad Ibn Abdullah was born in Mecca and his parents died when he was young. His uncle adopt him and he work for his uncle. Growing up he was spirituality, trustfulness and many people respect him. He marry a fourty year wealthy widow and later he marry many women. Later Mohammad beginning to proclaim a message about Allah. He started telling his friends and families the story about going to cave and all. They started believing on him and more people believed on him. Today many people n different parts of the world follow Mohammad.

Today around the world people with different race are Muslim and in the world population 22 percent consider themselves Muslims. There is many mosques (place were Muslim people pray) and millions of people are Muslim in the United Stated; the second largest population is Muslims in the US. After the attacks in the US in 2011, the US milliliters went to Afghanistan and Iraq. The Arab spring rise, there was a revolution/civil war in Arabic countries. Furthermore, Osama bin Laden killed many people. Muslim is one of the largest population.

The Worlds of Christendom

The Worlds of Christendom, was very interesting chapter, this chapter discuss about how Christianity influence people around the world. In the beginning of the chapter it talks about how a Chinese women name Yao Hong talking about what makes her change the religion from Buddhist to Christianity. She believed that God blesses the United States and England that’s why the churches are rich. Therefore, she is praying for China. In twentieth centuries many countries in different part of the world people are converting their religion from their religion into Christianity.

Xuanzang traveling from China to India.

Chinese Buddhist monk name Xuanzang who was traveling for China to India to learn about Buddhism. He learned about Bodhi tree where Gautama Buddha attained enlightenment. In Xuanzang journey in Western Region, he was also learning about how the system was functioning. One of the things he learns was about the cast system and how it works. For example, Brahman has the highest power than anyone in the society. They are much respected because they did well in their earlier life and they are very pure. Other classes are below Brahman. Moreover, Xuanzang  also observed and learned that in India once women get marry they were not allow to marry, but man can marry as many as they want. Xuanzang journey to India was longer than a decade. However, comparing to today it was very long because today it takes only few hours. Back then everything was longer because of the transportation. Therefore, it was very hard to get connected with people around the world. Today people feel very connected with other people around the world due to advance technology.

Trading System

Exchanging goods change the human history and every society produce and import and export their goods. All Regions have different productions. For example China have great source of silk, India have spices, cotton and more, Middle East have dates, nuts, dried fruits and more. We import and export goods and production from all around the world and today long distance trade has been very common and has become very important in our societies and people. Consummation shaped our daily life and it make our life easier. 

China: China produce silk, bamboo, paper, gun power, and more. This significance of the silk road is there is a impact on culture; there was cultural influence. For example, Christianity spread in china and Buddhism was struggling. For many years women were making large contribution to their household economy, silk industry, and to the states; they were the main labor.

Silk road: There was exchange across Eurasia. The landmass of Eurasia has been home for large number of people and have the world most agricultural productive and was the largest civilization and more. Beside the separation of societies and culture, there was networking among people who have different race, religion and more. In the Eurasian history, the silk road provides the unity and it bring people together. There was a great demand of silk and cotton from India by Roman Empire. The growth of the silk road help exchange the agriculture product and producer.

In my opinion there is both positive and negative factor of trading, Good factor is that we get connected with people around the world and we get to buy and sell the resources; trading make our life much more easier. However, trading also affected the workers. For example, people who have small business produce and sell their product for living, but the bigger business for countries like the US, China goes and take over small business for low price, which attract more people and still make profit. Trade in some societies has become the the social capable or moving.

The ways women and men are treated? Chapter 5 - Doc

I enjoy reading this document, especially the gender roles in different societies. In China the Confucius said very little about women. Confucius idea about men is that they should have all the power in the society and home. It's men dominated society when men have unlimited choices and women have very limited choices and opportunity. For example, men work out side the house, while women stay home do all house chores and make her husband and elders happy. I found it very interesting in Confucius philosophy that it is important for women to have an education not because they can be independent; women/girls get educated so they can serve/help their husband. It is sad how after women having an education, they have to stay under control by their husband.

Lesson for Women 
Ban Zhou wrote the Lesson for Women. Ban Zhou received an education and got married on early age. She had few children and her husband died. She did not remarried because it was a tradition for widow not to get married. When I was reading this, it reminded me of my society where if wife die than husband get to marry another women. However, in past if husband die than wife had to jump on the fire.Than it changed into if husband die than she don't have to jump on the fire, but society see her (wife) bad and she have to face lot of obstacles Moreover, she is seen as bad luck and she can't remarry. It is very bad and disturbing, but these tradition started changing into modern. In the Lesson for Women Ban talks about the custom when the girl born. For example, after 3 days of the birth of a girl there is three rituals. First, the baby girl place under the bed which mean she is weak and low. Second is to give her potsherd to play which mean that she will be doing labor(working in the house). Third, to announce her birth to ancestors by giving, which mean she will be fulfilling her primary duty.This is how they train when they were small which makes it harder to have change in this society.

This story reflect to many women in Confucius society as well as other women around the world. Not everything is fear in most of the societies and it's not perfect, but it's running from generation to generations. However, to bring change and move as a whole society or country both men and women should work together for equality.

In Rome husband was the held over family. Women opinion did not value much and men use to make public and private decisions. Everything was very restricted that women/wife had to ask the men what they want.
If I would ask to leave in one of these society, I would choose to live in India because as a women life is very hard and men take control over everything. But if you became Buddhist monk, than in India women have more freedom and respect than other society.

Culture and Religion in Eurasia/North Africa

This chapter was interesting and the same time it was confusing because there was lot of information from all different cultures, religions and the names.
During the heyday, people in China started to fixing and reopening thousands of destroyed temple. On the other hand, Christianity was growing constantly. In China, India, the Middle East and Greek, there culture spread widely. There was varieties of gods and sprite in the world. There was rituals and sacrificing men and women, but in second wave era there was new culture to define universe.

• India-Gautama was separate religion and later known as Buddhism. 
• Middle East- Distinctively monotheistic religion tradition appeared. 
• Israel: Judaism was separating.
• Greek:  A rational and humanistic tradition found expressing in writing.

China: In between 403 to 221 B.C.E, the violence and disharmony was growing. The Legalist solution of China's problems is enforce the rules and regulation and there was a system of reward or punishment. For example, if you follow every rules than you get reward and if you don't follow than there is consequences (punishment). However, Confucian answer of China problems was very different from Legalist. For example, Confucian answer was that there should be no law and punishment, but more superiors is the key of social harmony. "Superior person" or "gentleman" in Confucian terms, this development to involved serious personal reflection and a willingness for good character. These idea made a deep mark in Chinese culture. Ban Zhao was gave priority educate the young girls, not because girls were equal as boys, but to prepared to help their husband. However, boys were getting education to control wive and lead everything. Growing up in Nepal, lots of girls were not allow to get an education because women job was to do house chores and take care of husband. But this idea a of girls get education to server husband is new for me and it's very interesting. 

India: Indian civilization of cultural development was different from China. Hinduism had all different kind of spirit, speculation and gods belief and practice. Hinduism is very different from other religions. They believe on Karma. Karma means if you do good in this life than when you rebirth you will born in higher caste family or higher social position family. However, reading about Hinduism I find unfair if you born in untouchable caste family or as a female. For example, for untouchable caste you have low level job and if they touch Braman food than they don't eat them and they weren't allow to go to school. Similarly if you born as a female in this society than you have limited choices, you can't go to school, and you are burden in your family because they have to giver dowry. Moreover, there is child marriage were girl is (lot) more younger than men. Only upper caste and Braman have a good lives. 

Buddhism: Buddha teaching is similar to Hindu tradition. For example, but Hindu and Buddhist have same idea like rebirth and karma. Furthermore, Buddhist religion also have challenges in gender roles and caste system. However, when women became monks (nuns) they had more freedom and independence which were unavailable in both religions. By the common era, a modified form of Buddhism called Mahayana. Mahayana separate other part of Asia. 

Judaism: In the Middle East the small religion grew and it is called Hebrew. 

Confucius

Ancient civilization was during 300 BC and classical during 500 BC. Between ancient and classical civilizations there was Persian. Persian was one of the successful empires. There were seminal thinkers whose thinking and writing last for very long; we still use their ideas to make a successful nation. Mandate of Heaven: Belief that heaven is approval. If the empire or country is having problem than the leader not leading it right. Therefore, the top person gives advice. Superior Man: I did not quit understand the Superior Man. But I think Superior Man mean is a male who is a good leader. However, it is related to wide range of people.

Confucius means making a social harmony, having unequal relationship, and being very practical. For example, Husband should be kind with his wives and children to make social harmony. Confucius main goal of men was being superior, but it important for everyone to understand his position and cooperate together. Confucius did not believe in gods and spirits, but Confucius also didn't say that you believe in those things. Confucius believes that we didn't see our live beyond and it helps the development which involved personal reflection. In Confucius everyone should have an education. However, women had an education to serve their husband, and men have to control his wives. I found very interesting because when I read the first line I thought they really want women to stand on their or foot and be independent. However, I found sucking when I read that there was greater education for girls, not because they will be equally as boys, instead they could help her husband. Later I realized that at that time most part of the world women weren't able to get an education and they see lower than man. I thought the Confucius idea might influenced other people/women in the world; where women started fighting to get an education. After having an education, women started knowing that they are equal than men. Therefore, women started fighting for rights. In history many societies women were not allow to get an education and others had to serve their husband after having an education, but I think some impact of Confucius today is that many societies both men and women are getting an education to be independent and for their own (not for their husband).

Governing an Empires

From this reading, I understand that there is more human history than read in our text. For example, in being of human history ear there is more history than "states, empires, and the rulers." Empires is ruled by single highest power and hierarchy of states come and work together. Funeral government does not compete  with organizations of other. There is a law that protect social justice system. What I like about this reading is some ideas like "thinking before we act" (page 148). However, men have advantage living in this country. After reading funeral oration it seems like this country is rule and control by men. Rome empire in 155 C.E created their own kind of government after all types of governments. However, I did not like how a man could  "rules all far as is the course of the sun,"because I think everyone in the empire have to share the resources and work together. He was a scholar, so he had a good perspective about ruling the empire. Chinese Empire had a strong law because if the law is weak than the country will be weak as well. Therefore, law was a key for everything. There is no difference in law; meaning if you make the mistake than you have to face the consequences. In Indian empire the Ashoka was the leader of Mauryan Empire. Indian Empire was very different from other empires. He respect all religions and he was the first one to fight of animal rights. Ashoka was the "peaceful and tolerant" governing in  his biggest empire. But his policies were not successful. He believed that if some makes mistake and know his mistake than we have to forgave  

All empires were very different from each others. I want to live in Indian Empires. 

Introduction to Part Two

I enjoy reading introduction to Part Two because it shows how second and third civilizations is from first civilization. There was not much difference. For example,  men had more power than women, therefore both house and society was run by men.The population grew constantly. In India cast system was growing rapidly. Moreover, there was no technological or economic was invented in human societies.
In human history agriculture was the turning point and later there was a industrialization which make the world whole different place. Agriculture and industrialization change the whole economic system and people started trading. The world became very different looking back to first civilization.

Chapter II - Documents

In the ancient civilization writing was very important. People who did understand had to rely on other people information's. At that period writhing was the weapon. Epic of Gilgamesh is one of the oldest writing. This book is about how the beast change into human. Enkidu men who live in the forest and he did not knew anything about human beings. He was like an animal who eat grass, while other people eat bread and drink beer. Enkidu fall in love with a women and she help Enkidu to be a civilized human being. She took Enkidu to city to challenged Gilgamesh  because he was a bad king. However, they became best friend. Enkidu goes to his journey and he died by disease. Gilgamesh  did not understand why Enkidu die, than he leaned that part of being human is you die one day; can't be mortal.

The Law Code of Hammurabi was very interesting. I feel like there was law for everything. People change the laws when they started changing, but there are still some law have same concept with few changes.  For example, in 1899 B.C.E if the house fall and anyone get killed than the house builder "shall be put to death..." but today in the US if the house fall and anyone gets killed than the house builder will sue. In my opinion I think there is more consequences for women than men, but there are some laws which protect women. For example, in the world there is some societies where women can't speak for themselves and women are always wrong. If there is quarrel between husband and wife, and she want to septate from husband, than society and her families reject and she will have very difficult life. However, in The Law Code of Hammurabi if there is a fight between husband and wife; if the judge find out that wife guiltless and there is no mistakes on her side than she will be free from her husband. She can take her dowry and go back to her father house. We are not a perfect human being and we make mistakes. However, if we cross our limits than we have to face the consequences as well.

Chapter II

Agriculture was the structure of the first civilizations. After that people started learning about wealth which divided people with status and power. Agriculture was mostly depend  regions. Robert Carneiro also talk about how good agriculture had a limited land ether by "geography or by powerful society" There was inequality among human beings. Furthermore, earlier people started inventing technology which help create more product and economic went up.  At the same time there was a slavery. "People owning people" is from earliest civilization to nineteen century. For example, in earlier civilization the working family had to work very to live their life and there was not much freedom. It was not easy to change classes unless you marry with rich person. On the other hand, upper classes enjoy their wealth. Most of the societies systems were organized by hierarchy.

After reading chapter 2 the most interesting I found was that  in first civilization there was gender different. I understand that all culture have different value and belief about gender roles. For example, in hunter gathering and horticultural equal values in gender. However, there is other societies/culture where there is different roles of both men and women. For instead, men is the head of the household,he have more power and he control home and society. He is like a bread winner. However, women listen to men order and he have to work in house and take care of family.Women started braking the rules and many people were against women having power and equality. Over time the culture started changing as well as gender roles.

Earlier civilization

Civilization was a time of human forming society. For the first time, large number of people came together and started developing community and leaders. Around the world people started producing foods and started writing. In 900 B.C.E there was a first written language in America. At that time agriculture was the foundation of economic. Wealth, power, and status divided the people of civilization and started facing inequality. For example, in South Asia there was a cast system. On the other hand, written language made it easier for historians to know about earlier histories. But before the historian had to predict the information because there were not much evidence. Today people can still survive with technologies like car, phone, and internet, but technology are making people life. I think we have to change when the time change other wise we will be behind. The time part our past cultures and thoughts of people are changing for 'better.'

Nisa

Nisa is a story about a women who live in hunt gathering society in Africa. Nisa book discuss about Nisa life and her tribe. Her tribe name is Kung and people hunter-gatherer. Most of the time men hunt big game,while women collect food from the forest. They rely on wild resources like wild berries, animals and other wild foods. Still today there is not much cultural beliefs are changed and they still hunting and gather foods. It was very interesting how they play sexually when they are young. If he/she is unhappy with marriage than they get married with other person. Furthermore, married couple had still had relationship with other men or women. It was also interesting how both men and women learned healing with ritual cure the pain. When Nisa father hunt and bring home animals to eat; it makes her heart happy. They do not have much, but they still are very with their happy. After reading Nisa it seems like if people have more than people become very selfish and they have more desire and you never satisfied. However, if you have little than you find happiness in small things. It is very important to thank full and be happy on what we have.